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Songbird's duets not so harmonious

Researchers say bird couples sing duets to protect territories

	Some birds, such as the rufous-and-white wren pictured here, fight by singing, using melodic tweets to defend their relationships and territories  View related photos
Daniel Mennill

Discovery.com

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By Jennifer Viegas

updated 12:33 p.m. ET Sept. 4, 2008

Harmonious bird songs may sound pleasant to people, but a new study has found that at least some birds fight by singing, using melodic tweets to defend their relationships and territories.

The study, published in the latest issue of Current Biology, was made possible by eight microphones positioned strategically throughout the dense tropical forests of Costa Rica. The microphones fed the song duets of rufous-and-white wrens into a single laptop computer, enabling researchers to pinpoint the exact positions of the colorful songbirds.

"The first time I heard a rufous-and-white wren song, I was completely captivated by its voice," lead author Daniel Mennill told Discovery News. "They have low-pitched, flute-like sounds that are really quite beautiful."

Mennill, an associate professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Windsor, and colleague Sandra Vehrencamp conducted two experiments on breeding pairs of the birds, which can sing such closely matched duets that human listeners think they're hearing a solo performance.

They first recorded the birds in a passive context.

"This is analogous to recording you as you go about your daily routine of making your lunch, tidying your house, etc.," explained Mennill.

The bird pairs used duets to find each other, like a romantic B movie where the male and female stars sing out to one another while moving ever closer. Given the density of the birds' forest home, such singing is one of the few ways males and females can find each other.

For the second experiment, the scientists recorded the birds in a more aggressive context. Using loudspeakers, they simulated the voices of a rival pair.

"This is analogous to recording you if you were reacting to a burglar breaking into your house," Mennill said.

When a bird pair would hear a rival couple singing, the "birds' duet rates skyrocketed."

The listening couple "duetted intensely and approached the loudspeakers aggressively," Mennill said, with males singing loudly and forcefully when they heard a rival male tweet.

The researchers believe the bird couples sing duets to not only protect their territories from rival couples, but also to prevent other birds from disrupting their relationship. Extra-pair matings have been documented in this species and most other birds.

"Moreover, rufous-and-white wrens frequently engage in divorce," the authors point out.

They believe their findings apply to many other birds that sing duets, particularly those living in areas of thick vegetation.